Historical, political and domestic trends and prospects

1. Ancient and medieval culture

    ㅇ The history of Pakistan before independence in August 1947 is also the history of India.

    ㅇ In Moenjodaro, located in the lower Indus River in southwest Pakistan, there are many remains of an ancient civilization. Together, they are regarded as the origin of the ancient Indus civilization.

    ㅇ The Indus Civilization is an advanced Bronze Age civilization, famous for its excellent city construction, such as well-ordered roads and complete sanitation facilities.

    ㅇ Since the invasion of India by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC, the northwest region of India has become a route for foreign forces to penetrate, and various forces such as Greece, the Hun, and the Turks have repeatedly invaded and declined, and culture, art, and language have also been greatly influenced by these foreign forces. received.

    ㅇ From the 8th century to the 12th century, the rise and fall of Muslim dynasties were repeated centering on Delhi due to the invasion of the northwestern region by Muslim forces, but the caste system created by the Aryans was maintained despite the challenges of the Muslim forces.

    ㅇ After the destruction of “Timur” in Central Asia, the Mughal Empire established in southern India by his descendant Babar around 1500 was a great empire that included all of India and Afghanistan. Hada was annexed by Britain in 1858 following the Sepoy Rebellion (1857).

 
2. British colonial rule (1858-1947.8)

    ㅇ As the independence movement under British colonial rule developed around the national assembly convened in 1885 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and other Hindus, Muslims formed the Muslim Alliance in 1907 and in the early 1930s Muslim poet Allama Iqbal, etc. Established two national construction plans in the Indian subcontinent based on the ideology of separation and independence of the Muslim state born by The Muslim League adopted a resolution (aka “Pakistan Resolution”) at a party meeting held in Lahore on March 23, 1940, recognizing the territory of an independent state as a Muslim-populated area.

    ㅇ During World War II, Pakistan's demand for independence was taken for granted by Muslims, and when the Provisional Government was established in October 1946, the Muslim Alliance dispatched representatives to fight within the Provisional Government, and the leaders of the National Assembly also supported Pakistan. Recognizing independence is the only solution.  

    ㅇ In early 1946, the British government's ministerial delegation proposed a plan to form three federal groups, and accordingly, the separation plan was announced on June 3, 1947. According to this plan, the two Muslim-majority regions of Bengal and Punjab were separated across India, and the provincial councils of West Punjab, East Bengal, Sindh, and Balochistan, as well as the autonomous province of Quetta, were incorporated into Pakistan. As the residents of the Northwest Territory and the Assam Sylhet region also supported the incorporation of Pakistan through a referendum, Pakistan was born on August 14, 1947, with these regions as its territory. (Independent as a British Commonwealth)

 

3. Early Independence (1947.8-1958.10)

    ㅇ Mohammad Ali Jinnah (Quaid-i-Azam: “The Great Leader”, 1876-1948), who was revered as the father of the country, was elected as the first Governor General, and Liaquat Ali Khan as the first Prime Minister ) was inaugurated.

    ㅇ The newly born Pakistan was laying the groundwork as an independent country by revamping its laws and institutions and joining the United Nations. In May 1948, an armed uprising by Muslims occurred in Kashmir, a disputed area with India, and both India and Pakistan dispatched troops. As a result of the collision, the 1st Population War broke out.

    ㅇ In January 1949, a ceasefire was established under UN mediation, but Pakistan suffered enormous damage.

 

4. Ayub Khan regime (1958.10-1969.3)

    ㅇ After Pakistan's independence, political and social chaos continued, and in October 1958, a military government was established by General Ayub Khan. General Ayub Khan relied on the military and bureaucracy as the basis for his rule in the early stages of his reign, but in 1960 he was elected president after lifting martial law and proclaiming a decree based on democracy.

    ㅇ President Ayub Khan faced a political crisis due to the defeat of the second Indian wave in 1965, appointment of relatives to government posts, corruption, and failure of economic development. From Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, his first foreign minister in West Pakistan, to Sheigkh Mujibur Rahman of the Awami League, representing the dissatisfaction of the Bengalis, the majority of the population in East Pakistan. attacked by Rahman).

    ㅇ As protests in the western provinces in October 1968 spread to the eastern provinces, in March 1969, President Ayub Khan handed over power to the Army Chief of Staff, General Yahya Khan.

 

５．The Yahya Khan Administration (1969.3-1971.12)

    o General elections were held in December 1970 by General Yahya Khan, who took over the government, and as a result, Pakistan was divided into East and West Pakistan. In West Pakistan, the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) led by Ali Bhutto won an absolute majority in the parliament, while in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) the Awami League, led by Mujibur Rahman, won a landslide victory. Negotiations on the formation of a coalition government between the political leaders of East and West Pakistan broke down due to serious disagreements between the two sides.

    ㅇ In March 1971, as the violent civil disobedience movement led by the Awami League threw East Pakistan into chaos, West Pakistan dispatched troops, and many Bengalis were killed during the suppression. As a large number of Bengalis flowed into India due to the ongoing civil war, India intervened militaryly in East Pakistan, and in December 1971, the Third Invasion War broke out. West Pakistan was defeated in the war and East Pakistan separated from West Pakistan and became independent as Bangladesh under the leadership of Mujibur Rahman.

 

6. Ali Bhutto regime (1971.12-1977.7)

    ㅇ In December 1971, General Yahya Khan handed over power to Ali Bhutto, the leader of the PPP (Parliamentary Majority Party).

    ㅇ Since taking power, Prime Minister Ali Bhutto has promoted economic construction such as increased agricultural production while adopting socialist policies such as nationalization of major industries, labor participation in management, and land reform. The economy did not improve due to intensifying movement.

    ㅇ Prime Minister Ali Bhutto won a landslide victory in the general elections in March 1977, but criticism followed that vote manipulation and an atmosphere of coercion were created during the election process. Overthrown in a coup by General Zia-Ul-Haq, executed in prison in April 1979 (for alleged involvement in the murder of an opposition figure)

 

7. Zia-ul-Haq regime (1977.7-1988.8)

    ㅇ General Zia-ul-Haq, who overthrew the regime of Ali Bhutto in a bloodless coup in July 1977 and seized power, took office in October 1978 and declared martial law. to enforce unprecedented coercive rule. Freedom of assembly and association was restricted, the press was censored, and those deemed to be in violation of the new rule faced severe punishment.

    ㅇ President Zia held a referendum on December 19, 1984 to ask for support for the Islamization policy he had pursued to build a foundation for power after taking office, and 97% of the voters supported it. Due to the Islamic state building program that conforms the existing legal system to the Islamic code (Sharia), Islamic code and Western legal system are currently being used in Pakistan.

    ㅇ Meanwhile, President Zia received support from the people by responding at the national level to the Afghan refugee problem that arose from the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan at the end of 1979, and enjoyed political benefits through political and economic aid from the United States.

    o President Zia faces a challenge from the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD), a coalition of all opposition parties except for the Jamaati-i-Islami party. The Jamathi Islamist Party supports Islamic fundamentalism as its political ideology and supports President Zia. The MRD's core force was the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), led by former Prime Minister Ali Bhutto's daughter, Benazir Bhutto.

    ㅇ President Zia pushed ahead with the civil administration transfer plan ahead of his re-inauguration for a five-year term on March 23, 1985, and held the Federal Assembly (House of Representatives) elections on February 25, 1985, the state legislative elections on February 28, and the Senate elections in March. In August 1985, a civilian government led by Prime Minister Mohammed Khan Junejo was launched.

    ○ When President Zia urged Benazir Bhutto, the daughter of former Prime Minister Ali Bhutto, who had been engaged in anti-government activities abroad, to return from exile in the UK for two years on the condition that she give up her anti-government activities, Benazir Bhutto did not clearly accept President Zia's above conditions and returned to Korea on April 1986. 10 Returning to Korea, two anti-government rallies were held in April 1986 and July 1986 led by the MRD, a coalition of 11 opposition parties centered on the PPP party.

    ㅇ On May 29, 1988, President Zia dissolved the House of Representatives for failing to maintain public order and security, and dismissed Prime Minister Junejo, who had strengthened his authority with public support while exposing differences of opinion on Islamization policies and the role of political parties. Afterwards, a transitional cabinet was formed and the House of Representatives elections were announced.

    ㅇ On August 17, 1988, when President Zia died in a mysterious plane crash, political chaos ensued. The opposition PPP defeated the ruling party coalition, the IDA-Islamic Democratic Alliance (IJI-Islami Jamhoori Ittehad), and won. Senate President Ghulam Ishaq Kahn was elected president, establishing a fully elected government for the first time in 11 years since General Zia's military coup in July 1977.

 

8. The 1st Benazir Bhutto regime (1988.11-1990.8)

    ㅇ In the general elections held on November 16, 1988, the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) under the leadership of Benazir Bhutto won 95 out of 204 electoral seats, the largest number of seats, although it fell short of the majority. .

        ※ PPP victory factors
           - People's antipathy towards former President Zia's dictatorship
           - People's disappointment over serious infighting within the ruling party (IDA, which won 54 seats in the general election)
           - Realization of fair elections by President Ishaq Khan and Maintaining Strict Neutrality in the Military

    ㅇ The Bhutto government promoted democratization and economic development domestically and declared non-alignment externally while seeking to strengthen relations with Western countries such as the United States, Britain, and France.
        - After the launch of the PPP government, Prime Minister Bhutto toured major countries such as the US, UK, France, and Japan, greatly improving the external image of the PPP government. (The US actively supported the PPP government, which was launched as a democratic government in 11 years, and rejoined the Commonwealth in October 1989 with British support)

    ㅇ However, despite the high expectations of democratization and the construction of a better welfare society by the general public when the PPP government was launched, it was difficult to carry out reform policies due to Pakistan's traditional social and economic structural contradictions and excessive defense spending (more than 40% of the budget). Restricted.

    ㅇ The Bhutto government failed to secure a majority in the general elections in November 1988, and was defeated in two states (Punjab and Balochistan) in the provincial legislative elections. (Especially the conflict between the federal government of the PPP and the government of Punjab, where IDA is the majority)

    ㅇ Even in Sindh, the only PPP state to have a stable government with an overwhelming majority, MQM (a political party founded by Mohajir, Muslims who immigrated from India at the time of independence in 1947), which formed a coalition government with the PPP, protested against the PPP’s dominance, and Sindh Conflict with the PPP side over race riots in states (especially large cities such as Karachi and Hyderabad).

    ㅇ The IDA submitted a motion of no confidence to Prime Minister Bhutto on October 23, 1989, citing domestic security instability, economic difficulties, and the PPP government's appeasement policy toward India, but it was rejected.

    ㅇ After the vote of no confidence, Prime Minister Bhutto tried to establish a stable force in the House of Representatives through a coalition with the opposition parties to achieve harmony between the ruling and opposition parties and expand the base of support, but failed.

    ㅇ Sindh, especially the large cities of Karachi and Hyderabad, are dominated by MQM (most of Karachi's influential businessmen are from Mohajir), and the indigenous people of Sindh, who felt threatened by Mohajir's economic power, moved to reject Mohajir based on Sindh nationalism. leading to armed clashes between races.

    ㅇ As the PPP side could not accept MQM's position even while ignoring the intention of the inland region of Sindh (which strongly calls for nationalism in Sindh), MQM invalidated the Karachi Declaration, which was a political alliance agreement with the PPP. signed the IDA-MQM Agreement on September 19, 1989, and supported IDA's proposal to introduce a motion of no confidence in Prime Minister Bhutto.

    ㅇ The PPP government was able to launch on the basis of a friendly relationship with President Ishaq Khan, who has strong constitutional authority. President Ishaq Khan, considering the people's aspirations for democratization, refrained from being involved in the Bhutto government's policies as much as possible to promote peace between the president and the prime minister. The relationship was relatively good, but the relationship became distant due to the exposure of disagreements over the extension of the term of office of Sirohey Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

    ㅇ At the launch of the PPP government, the military trend was noted, but the military waited and waited for the launch of the Bhutto government in accordance with the strong recommendation of the United States to actively support Prime Minister Bhutto's launch of a democratic government.

    ㅇ The former ruling party, including the IDA, tried to collapse the PPP government by gaining the support of the military, which had been closely related since the time of President Zia. being. However, since the early 1990s, the conflict between the Bhutto government and the military has deepened over the solution to the security problem in Sindh.

    ㅇ The situation in Sindh has become more and more serious, increasing public dissatisfaction due to increased tax burden, deepening inflation, and deepening corruption among the ruling class (Prime Minister Bhutto's husband, MP Zardari's interest intervention, and the involvement of the Secretary of State in charge of finance in the Islamabad stock market scandal). etc.), increasing government instability

    ㅇ 1990.8.6 President Ishaq Khan dissolved the House of Representatives and dismissed Prime Minister Bhutto according to the powers granted by the constitution. (Corruption, abuse of power, violation of the constitution, etc.)

    ㅇ Until 1986, it was a de facto member of the PPP, and opposition leader Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi led the transitional government as Prime Minister until the general elections on October 24, 1990.

    ㅇ In the general elections held on October 24, 1990, the Islamic Democratic Union (IDA) secured the largest number of seats, and on November 6, 1990, IDA President Nawaz Sharif was elected as the new prime minister.

 

9. The 1st Nawaz Sharif regime (1990.10-1993.7)

    ㅇ In the elections held on October 24, 1990 following the President's dissolution of Parliament and the dismissal of Prime Minister Bhutto in August 1990, the Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA) led by Nawaz Sharif won 106 out of 217 seats in the House of Representatives. 2/3 seats secured, Nawaz Sharif elected Prime Minister in November 1990.

    ㅇ Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, a former businessman (President of a steel company in Punjab), has been welcomed by the business world by carrying out economic reform programs such as deregulation, privatization, private-led economy, and social overhead capital development, and has also actively pursued efforts to attract foreign investment. box.

    ㅇ Meanwhile, against former Prime Minister Bhutto's side, it was criticized for using a repressive policy, such as imprisoning her husband, Member of Parliament Zardari, on charges of murder and terrorism, while conducting tax inspections on non-cooperative media to suppress the press.

    The massive financial scandal in late 1991 and the military-MQM conflict in mid-1992 dealt a heavy blow to the Nawaz Sharif regime.
        - Hundreds of thousands of citizens suffered damages of about 20 billion rupees due to cooperatives run by Chinawaz Sharif figures, and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif himself was suspected of dubious behavior.
        - As the situation in Sindh worsened in mid-1992, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had a conflict with the military in the process of dispatching troops. Also, when the military imprisoned MQM personnel, MQM withdrew from the IDA.                

    ㅇ Meanwhile, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif also began to have political conflicts with President Ishaq Khan.
        - Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif tried to appoint his supporter, Mohammad Ashraf, as Chief of Army Staff, but President Ishaq Khan appointed Abdul Waheed, known for his military spirit. - Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif weakened the power of the president through constitutional amendment
        . In the end, in April 1993, he accused the president of being the mastermind of the conspirator and appealed for his abdication.

    ㅇ President Ishaq Khan abruptly dismissed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and dissolved Parliament on April 18, 1993.

    ㅇ In response to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s unconstitutional complaint, the Supreme Court ruled that the exercise of the president’s authority was unconstitutional, and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was reinstated.

 

10. The 2nd Bhutto Government (1993.10-1996.11)

    ㅇ After Prime Minister Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party (PPP) won the House of Representatives elections in October 1993, the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) formed an alliance with the Pakistan Muslim League-Junejo Group, PKQP, and independents to form the Pakistan Democratic Front (PPP). PDF, Pakistan Democratic Front) was launched, and a coalition government composed of these forces was established.

    ㅇ In November 1993, Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari, an aide to Prime Minister Bhutto, was elected president in the presidential election (parliamentary indirect election).

    ㅇ The Bhutto regime basically maintained stability while maintaining an amicable relationship between the prime minister, the president, and the Army Chief of Staff, the three pillars of power.
        - President's complaints about corruption by government officials and politicians
        - President's complaints about the lawfulness of the crackdown on MQM agents in Sindh (suspicions including extrajudicial executions by police
        ) Arrogance (friction between Prime Minister Bhutto and the judiciary increased)
        - Deteriorating security situation (Following the bombing of the Egyptian embassy in Pakistan in 1995, a series of bombings occurred in Punjab (especially Lahore) in 1996) - Cost of living including daily
        necessities Deterioration of the economic situation, such as growing dissatisfaction with the government from the common people due to the rapid increase in price hikes

    ㅇ President Leghari dissolved the House of Representatives on November 5, 1996 and dismissed Prime Minister Bhutto at the same time.
        - Prime Minister Bhutto appealed to the Supreme Court, saying that the dissolution of the House of Representatives and the removal of the Prime Minister were unconstitutional.

    ㅇ President Leghari appointed Miraj Khalid as Prime Minister on November 10, 1996, and promulgated “Ehtesab (Accountability) Ordinance 1996,” a corruption investigation bill on November 18, 96.
        - Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Miraj Khalid stated at a press conference after taking office that corruption investigations and the House elections (February 3, 1997) were the main tasks of the transitional cabinet and expressed their commitment to this.

    ㅇ There were constant rumors that the House of Representatives elections would be postponed by the Transitional Cabinet on the grounds of a corruption investigation and a census to rewrite the electoral roll.

 

11. The 2nd Nawaz Sharif regime (1997.2-1999.10)

    ㅇ In the House of Representatives and 4 provincial legislative elections held on February 3, 1997, the Pakistan Muslim Alliance Nawaz Group (PML-N) won a landslide victory (PML-N won 134 out of 207 seats in the House of Representatives (Muslims)), and the PML -N Party leader Nawaz Sharif assumed office on February 17, 1997.
        - Former Prime Minister of the House of Representatives, Mirani, the former Minister of Defense of the PPP, also ran, but Nawaz Sharif was elected with an overwhelming majority of 177 to 16

    ㅇ Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif set economic recovery as a top priority and promoted the National Debt Retirement Program (NDRP), calling for repayment of foreign and domestic debt through self-help efforts, and announced an ambitious economic recovery plan and plans to promote agricultural production. box.

    ㅇ Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif reduced the powers of the President and strengthened the powers of the Prime Minister by unanimously passing the Constitutional Amendment Bill (13th Amendment) to abolish the 8th Constitutional Amendment in the House and Senate on April 1, 1997.
        - Abolish the President's power to dissolve the House of Representatives (Article 58, Section 2 (B) of the Constitution)
        - Abolish the President's discretion to appoint governors and chiefs of staff for each military branch appointed only.
         - Abolition of the governor's power to dissolve the state legislature

            * 8th Constitutional Amendment: As a constitutional amendment made by former President Zia-ul-Haq in 1985 to weaken the elements of the cabinet responsibility system and strengthen the president's authority, the biggest feature is that the president introduced the right to dissolve the House of Representatives.

    ㅇ President Leghari agreed in advance to abolish the 8th Amendment and immediately signed the Amendment to the Constitution after passing the National Assembly.

    ㅇ The ruling party side stipulates in the Constitution that “if a member of the National Assembly changes his or her party affiliation after being elected or commits an act that violates the party’s constitution, platform, and policies, the leader of the affiliated party may request the Election Commission to deprive the member of his or her membership.” On July 1, 1997, the 14th Amendment (aka Anti-Defection Law) was passed by an overwhelming majority in both the upper and lower houses.
        - "By prohibiting the induction of defectors through buying and intimidation of lawmakers, it brings positive structural changes to Pakistani politics" and welcomes "It is an undemocratic law that restricts the freedom of expression of lawmakers, and the definition of Defection is ambiguous, so it is difficult to Concern was expressed that it could cause

    ㅇ Meanwhile, in August 1997, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah had a confrontation over the appointment of five Supreme Court justices. The confrontation was rekindled as a petition was filed claiming that the remarks were contempt of court.

    ㅇ Here, President Leghari intervened and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif accused the President of conspiring to oust him, and the relationship between the Prime Minister and the President deteriorated extremely. The crisis of dissolution of the House of Representatives also emerged by reviving it, but the political crisis was resolved when President Leghari voluntarily resigned on December 2, 1997.
        - Senate Speaker Wasim Sajjad was inaugurated as Acting President.

    ㅇ In the presidential election held on December 31, 1997 (elected by an electoral corps composed of members of the upper house, lower house and four provincial legislatures), Senator Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, recommended by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, was elected with an overwhelming majority. 1998.1.1. inaugurated as president.

 

12. Peverez Musharraf regime (1999.10 - present)

    ㅇ Continued conflict between Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and the military led to a military coup led by Army Chief of Staff Peverez Musharraf on October 12, 1999, and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was overthrown.

    ㅇ Accordingly, a military government headed by General Musharraf was launched, and the military government took measures such as a provisional constitutional decree, declaration of a state of emergency, and dissolution of parliament.
        - Prime Minister Sharif went into exile in Saudi Arabia in December 2000

    ㅇ In May 2000, the Supreme Court ruled that the military coup of October 1999 was legal, setting three years after the coup until October 12, 2000 as a period for completing reform tasks, and ruling that the federal and local councils be formed through elections within 90 days of the expiration of the period. box.

    ㅇ Since taking office, the military government has made continuous efforts to gain international support through President Musharraf's overseas tours to secure legitimacy, but the United States applied pressure, such as imposing economic sanctions, on the coup.

    ㅇ Despite this, President Musharraf was inaugurated on June 20, 2001. In the face of the 9/11 incident, Pakistan supported the US war on terror. started.

    ㅇ On April 30, 2002, a referendum was held to pass a five-year extension of President Musharraf's term.

    ㅇ President Musharraf held general elections on October 10, 2002, as promised by the Supreme Court, and the political situation gradually stabilized as the pro-government ruling party PML(Q) took the lead in the political situation.

    ㅇ Prime Minister Jamali resigned on June 25, 2004 after being pressured by the ruling party to resign because he did not show leadership political competence in relations with the opposition party after taking office. Party leader Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain took office as interim Prime Minister on June 30, 2004.

    ㅇ As Prime Minister nominee Shaukat Aziz was elected to the House of Representatives on August 18, 2004, Prime Minister Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain dissolved his cabinet and resigned as Prime Minister on August 25, 2004, and Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz's cabinet was inaugurated on August 28, 2004.
    - Since taking office, Prime Minister Aziz has made remarkable achievements, such as continuous promotion of multilateral dialogue for the peaceful resolution of all conflicts between factions and high economic growth.

    ㅇ In the local government elections held between August and early October 2005, a large number of candidates supported by the ruling party (PML) were elected, strengthening the support base in the provinces. seats (57 out of 100 total) and current Senate President Soomro is re-elected as Senate President.

     ㅇ Confidence in President Musharraf is increasing in relation to relief and restoration activities for the earthquake damage that occurred in October 2005.

 

13. Recent Domestic Situation and Future Prospects

    go. 2006 situation trend

     ㅇ The situation in Pakistan in 2006 was a year in which the desire for democratization was expressed more than any other year, demanding the resignation of President Musharraf as chief of staff, forming a neutral government and holding the 2007 general election fairly and freely.
        - Former Prime Minister Bhutto (PPP) and former Prime Minister Sharif (PML-N), who are in exile abroad, met in London on May 14, 2006, agreed to return to Korea before the general elections in 2007, and signed the “Charter of Democracy” Signed on (final approval on July 2)
        - Writing an open letter demanding democratization by prominent figures such as retired generals, former lawmakers, and scholars
        - Opposition parties (141 signatures) such as the Alliance for the Restoration of Democracy (ARD) and MMA submitted a motion of no confidence in Prime Minister Aziz (August 23 ) and rejection (8.29)

     ㅇ In addition, MQM, a major partner of the ruling coalition, decided to withdraw from the July 27 coalition government for reasons such as the Balochistan issue, the construction of the Kalabagh Dam, the Sindh chief minister's disapproval of education union activities, and the conflict between the Minister of Construction and Transportation and the head of the National Highway Authority (NHA). Conflicts between the political parties (PML and MQM) and within the ruling party (PML) surfaced as a result of the decision, and the conflict was temporarily sealed by President Musharraf's intervention, but there is a possibility of recurrence at any time in the event of a conflict of interest.
        - Although the Central Party and local parties in each state faced a leadership crisis as former Prime Minister Jamali openly criticized the party leader Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain's management of party affairs, Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain's party leader Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain's and Secretary-General Mushahid Hussain re-elected

     ㅇ In the Senate (1/2) election (3.6) and the AJK parliamentary election (7.11), a majority of Musharraf supporters and former members of the ruling coalition were elected, further strengthening the support base for the president.

     ㅇ Socially, following the strong initiative of President Musharraf, the Women Protection Act was amended (signed by the president on December 1), providing an opportunity to enter a new phase for the protection of women's rights.

     ㅇ In response to the publication of Mohammed's satirical cartoons in some Western media outlets, such as Denmark, Norway, and France, violent protests took place in major cities across the country for about a month from February 2, resulting in numerous casualties and property damage.

     ㅇ In the case of Balochistan Province, since 2004, the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) has been calling for more self-government and greater allocation of natural resource revenues, such as gas, to Balochistan people and opposing the establishment of military camps. Conflicts with the federal government have intensified. As Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, chief of the Bugti tribe, was killed by security forces during a military operation to clear a terrorist training camp in Kohlu district of Dera Bugti district on August 26, 2006, violent protests took place in major cities including Balochistan. Security instability continues.
        - The federal government has accused Bugti and other tribal chiefs of pursuing their own interests, opposing regional development and instigating unrest. Focusing on solving the problem through appeasement
        - The federal government announced a development package worth 2.4 billion rupees for the 06.10 Dera Bugti district as part of the appeasement plan, and Prime Minister Aziz also presented a special package worth 19.5 billion rupees along with the “Baluchistan State Development Vision”. Security forces also began withdrawing from December 21, but it is expected that it will be difficult to expect results in a short period of time as fundamental solutions to the problems that caused the confrontation with the federal government have not been achieved.

     ㅇ In the war against terrorism, in the case of tribal areas in the Northwest Frontier of the host country, many sacrifices occurred (Damadola bombing and religious school bombing, etc.). As a result, external criticism of the achievements of the agreement and instability in the security situation in the region still persist.

    me. 2007 Situation Prospects

     ㅇ As the term of office of the President and Parliament (House of Representatives) ends in 2007, it is expected that the political situation in Pakistan will develop with the general election and presidential election issues, and the war against terrorism, which is an international interest, will inevitably be affected by it.
        - The 2007 general election is expected to have a significantly different political structure from the current one depending on whether the ruling party (PML) will hold the current coalition (MQM, PPP-P, etc.) or seek cooperation with the opposition PPP
        . The democratization movement for free and fair elections by resigning from the post of chief of staff and forming a neutral government is expected to intensify
        . If the Afghan cross-border terrorism continues, external criticism is likely to increase, and the security situation in the Northwest Frontier is unlikely to improve.

     ㅇ Therefore, President Musharraf seeks to stabilize the situation and win elections through control over the military, bureaucrats, and the ruling party, and through counter-opposition strategies (blocking opposition parties and continuing negotiations with former Prime Minister Bhutto), while maintaining a balance between the demands of the United States and public opinion in the war against terrorism. are expected to seek appropriate contact points.